I am having trouble setting up my ssd and hdd to be used as a separate storage, on mu nvme the ubuntu system is installed, and i want to be able to use ssd and hdd to install games programs and other things simultaneously, like on windows, to make it ask what storage i want to install to, hdd primarily for the video games, i tried before linux mint some how managed to make it but only for steam to use my hdd, now i cannot seem to do it, i am new to linux not really experienced with linux, i just want to switch from windows because its becoming annoying with updates and eating my ram, i do have a good pc, if some can help me out how i can set it up, i want to use all storages to be able to store data and be usable with installing programs on it

Just booted and getting this. Not sure what to do. image

Source - Generate thumbnails for text?

Posted by user10607, modified by community. See post 'Timeline' for change history

Retrieved 28/02/2026, License - null

#!/usr/bin/env python3 import subprocess import sys import os import math

temp_dir = os.environ["HOME"]+"/"+".temp_iconlayers" if not os.path.exists(temp_dir): os.mkdir(temp_dir)

---

bg_color = "#DCDCDC" # bg color text_color = "black" # text color psize = [64, 64] # icon size n_lines = 4 # number of lines to show n_chars = 9 # number of (first) characters per line output_file = "/path/to/output/icon.png" # output path here (path + file name) #---

temp_bg = temp_dir+"/"+ "bg.png"; temp_txlayer = temp_dir+"/"+"tx.png" picsize = ("x").join([str(n) for n in psize]); txsize = ("x").join([str(n-8) for n in psize])

def create_bg(): work_size = (",").join([str(n-1) for n in psize]) r = str(round(psize[0]/10)); rounded = (",").join([r,r]) command = "convert -size "+picsize+' xc:none -draw "fill '+bg_color+
' roundrectangle 0,0,'+work_size+"," +rounded+'" '+temp_bg subprocess.call(["/bin/bash", "-c", command])

def read_text(): with open(sys.argv[1]) as src: lines = [l.strip() for l in src.readlines()] return ("\n").join([l[:n_chars] for l in lines[:n_lines]])

def create_txlayer(): subprocess.call(["/bin/bash", "-c", "convert -background none -fill "+text_color+
" -border 4 -bordercolor none -size "+txsize+" caption:"+'"' + read_text() + '"' + " "+temp_txlayer])

def combine_layers(): create_txlayer(); create_bg() command = "convert "+temp_bg+" "+temp_txlayer+" -background None -layers merge "+output_file subprocess.call(["/bin/bash", "-c", command])

combine_layers ``

I'm running ubuntu 25.10 with Emacs 30.2(Snap installed) and I'm seeing that any gui app that I launch from inside emacs does not get its own icon in the dock. Instead it gets grouped under the emacs icon.

If I do this from gnome-terminal:

mplayer foo.mp4

I'll see a separate icon for mplayer in ubuntu dock

but if I ran this same command from inside emacs vterm, the mplayer window would get grouped with emacs window in dock and not get its own icon.

Tried debugging this with chatgpt but could not fix this issue. I've tried running these commands but they didn't fix anything:

setsid mplayer foo.mp4

env -u DESKTOP_STARTUP_ID mplayer foo.mp4

systemd-run --user mplayer foo.mp4

Weirdly enough, this chatgpt suggested command works, (mplayer gets its own icon in dock):

systemd-run --user -E DISPLAY=$DISPLAY -E WAYLAND_DISPLAY=$WAYLAND_DISPLAY -E XAUTHORITY=$XAUTHORITY mplayer /path/to/foo.mkv

But I don't know why I should have to launch things with systemd-run instead of normally?

Does anyone know how to solve this issue?

I am facing a critical issue where my Wi-Fi has completely disappeared. This hardware was working perfectly on Ubuntu 22.04 (Jellyfish). The issue started after upgrading to Ubuntu 24.04 and subsequently trying the 6.19.3 mainline kernel. Now, even when rolling back to the standard 24.04 kernel (6.8.100), the hardware remains invisible.

System Specs:

• Model: Dell Latitude 5511

• CPU: Intel® Core™ i7-10850H (Comet Lake)

• Wi-Fi Card: Intel AX201 (CNVi)

• OS: Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS

• Current Kernel: 6.8.100-generic (also tested 6.19.3)

The Problem: The Wi-Fi card is no longer appearing on the PCIe bus. lspci returns absolutely nothing for the network controller. In GNOME settings, the Bluetooth icon is visible but "disabled" and cannot be toggled.

Diagnostics run so far:

1. Hardware Bus Check:

   • lspci -nnk | grep -iA3 network → Empty output.

   • lsusb → Intel Bluetooth module is NOT listed.

2. Kernel Logs:

   • dmesg | grep iwlwifi → Empty output. (The kernel isn't even attempting to load the driver because the hardware isn't detected on the bus).

3. Firmware/Filesystem:

   • Manually updated /lib/firmware from the official linux-firmware.git (kernel.org).

   • Verified iwlwifi-Qu-*-77.ucode files are present with 644 permissions.

   • modprobe iwlwifi loads the module, but no interface is created.

4. Hardware/BIOS Troubleshooting:

   • Performed a "Flea Power" drain (battery disconnected, power button held for 60s).

   • Reset BIOS to Defaults and toggled WLAN/Bluetooth radio settings.

   • Physically reseated the AX201 M.2 card.

The Question: Since this hardware worked 100% on Ubuntu 22.04, is it possible that the 24.04 upgrade or the 6.19 mainline kernel pushed a firmware/microcode update to the AX201 that has caused the Intel CNVi interface to hang or become "invisible" to the PCIe bus?

Has anyone encountered this specific "vanishing hardware" on Comet Lake (10th Gen) systems with Noble Numbat?

I am trying to get a new microphone to work with a MSI X570-A PRO desktop PC. It uses a TRRS 3.5 mm connector, and seemingly pretends to be a headset, with the left/right speaker tip/ring connected to nothing. Buying a $5 splitter is unacceptable because the current microphone was $1.5 and a new USB-C one would be $3.

The microphone works with the integrated/combo/headset port in my Linux tablet and my Windows laptop. The recording words, as with my other wired earbuds with center mic. So the question then becomes how to reconfigure the desktop motherboard to accept any TRRS one-jack headset. Rear {Line in, mic, and line out} and front {Mic, speakers} ports all don't work for this microphone. I'd've given up had this been Windows, but I hope Linux might have a way to retask any internal wiring/multiplexer if present.

The plug/unplug is detected properly by pipewire/pulseaudio, but afterwards there's no speech recorded in Audacity, just perhaps a pop upon plug/unplug. I tried arecord -D with all devices in arecord -L, and all either flatline or have only some quiet line noise. I get snd_hda_codec_alc882 hdaudioC1D0: The codec is being used, can't reconfigure in dmesg when I tried to play with hdajackretask and save even without overriding anything, even after masking+stopping my user pipewire service. I've set toggled pavucontrol-qt profiles across Analog Stereo Output, Analog Stereo Input, Analog Stereo Duplex, and "Analog Surround 5.1 Output + Analog Stereo Input", but my speech is still not recorded.

So which Ubuntu 25.10 command can reconfigure a X570 motherboard's HD Audio Connectors into accepting a TRRS microphone?

Because I encrypted the drive and I'm already asked to enter a password at system boot, I wondered what downsides could arise if I check the 'automatic login' option for my user, as this would streamline accessing the computer, having to enter just 1 instead of 2 passwords every single time. Thank you.

I recently switched my school laptop from Windows to Ubuntu 24.04 LTS since Windows 11 was slowing my computer down. But, of course, my university is heavily integrated with Microsoft 365 so I put all my files on OneDrive. So I was looking for a way to get OneDrive to work properly on Ubuntu and I heard that GNOME Online Accounts is a native method of doing it but I heard there are some issues with syncing typically since it just mounts it as a drive (correct me if I'm wrong) so if I were to switch between devices for a file, it would take a bit for my Ubuntu laptop to catch up.

I heard another solution was to use the project, OneDrive Client for Linux. Though, looking online for videos, I couldn't find any good clues of how it works exactly. But apparently, it does a much better handling of OneDrive on Ubuntu than GNOME Online Accounts. If anyone can give me some advice on which one I should pick, that would be great!

Trying to use this:

A third option is to do a re-install of the operating system but do not format and just 'overwrite' your existing installation. Boot to the install media and go through the install process as usual.When you get to the partitioner to allocate drive space, depending on the version you are installing check the box marked 'Manually select partitions' or 'Something else' and click forward. Use the SAME user name and password as the existing account when setting up again. Find your existing installation and you must UNCHECK all the 'format' boxes and mount the partitions in the same place they are now. As long as no 'format' boxes are checked, no data will be lost in your home folder and the system files will be overwritten with the originals. You should then complete all system updates again.

but I get to here using Ubuntu 24.04.3 Desktop AMD64 iso on bootable USB:

and can go no further using these instructions... my Ubuntu location to reinstall to is sda5, which I can mount at /, but it won't let me uncheck the format box - so probably the wrong mount point to do this.

Other options are:

/boot

/home

/tmp

but are not where it needs to be reinstalled to.

Reading on below, it appears format is forced due to Ubuntu not fixing their installer glitch and instead resorting to this inconvenience...

Well, except for the ‘nautilus, and nautilus type window pop-up corruption”, my Ubuntu Desktop 24.04.3LTS AMD64 system runs perfect - can still manipulate files via terminal and bypass nautilus, just click on the download link in my email (which just defaults to my Downloads folder, instead of save as which tries to pop-up the nautilus type window that crashes)… and the more complex work can be done using my Windows 10 laptop that works really great :-P

Some community members have suggested a similar question that may solve your problem.

Do any of these answer your question?

How to reinstall Ubuntu in the easiest way?

this link How to reinstall Ubuntu in the easiest way? goes to something written eleven years ago (geeze!) and does not apply to 24.04 and thus provides no answer, three or otherwise - CURRENT 24.04 dos not permit re-install - forces format to get around ubuntu glitch, so the answers in the link are counter to this reality - see notes in my 'answer' (which is hidden, but inserted below, and is essentially praying for ubuntu to fix their desktop installer to permit non-destructive re-install!)

As stated by the magnificent @guiverc in the posting at How to reinstall Ubuntu in the easiest way?, here are very relevant quotes made that are indeed profound regarding the loss of re-install feature using ubuntu-desktop-installer and hopes/doubts that ubuntu will restore this critical feature:

It is hoped in time this type of re-install will return to ubuntu-desktop-installer, but resources need to be available to correct the issue that is currently avoided by a forced format

When the ubuntu-desktop-provision fix has been completed; you'll be able to take advantage of it using existing ISOs (eg. 24.04 Desktop) by updating installer prior to starting the install, however the fix doesn't yet exist..

The Ubuntu team decided (awhile back) to not fix the ubuntu-desktop-provision, and non-destructive installs (where a single partition install exists) is likely not to be possible into the future.

Using TERMINAL in Ubuntu 24.04.3lts Wayland - Linux 6.8.0-85-generic, how do I SUCCESSFULLY uninstall nautilus completely, and aferwhich, how do I reinstall it SUCCESSFULLY - dependencies and all...?

Currently, I can copy, edit, move, etc. files using terminal so drive itself and permissions seem no problem, edit using nano, etc., but nautilus seems to just want to crash (like it's corrupt) so want to reinstall, not repair, it.

from terminal:

Desktop$ nautilus
** Message: 19:33:27.602: Connecting to org.freedesktop.Tracker3.Miner.Files
Gsk-Message: 19:33:30.917: Failed to realize renderer of type 'GskNglRenderer' for surface 'GdkWaylandToplevel': OpenGL ES 3.0 is not supported by this renderer.

Gsk-Message: 19:34:24.833: Failed to realize renderer of type 'GskNglRenderer' for surface    'GdkWaylandPopup': OpenGL ES 3.0 is not supported by this renderer.

Gsk-Message: 19:34:46.395: Failed to realize renderer of type 'GskNglRenderer' for surface 'GdkWaylandPopup': OpenGL ES 3.0 is not supported by this renderer.

Shouldn't that be Gsk.NglRenderer, not GskNglRenderer?

OK, Daniel T, I ran dpkg -V, but no /bin lines at all:

/Desktop$ dpkg -V
?????????   /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-94-generic
missing     /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/20-org.d (Permission denied)
missing     /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/30-site.d (Permission denied)
missing     /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d (Permission denied)
missing     /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/90-mandatory.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/20-org.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/30-site.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/90-mandatory.d (Permission denied)
?????????   /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-85-generic
missing     /lib/modules/6.8.0-35-generic
?????????   /boot/kernel.efi-6.8.0-79-generic
??5?????? c /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10periodic
??5?????? c /etc/UPower/UPower.conf
??5?????? c /etc/conky/conky.conf
??5?????? c /etc/mono/config
??5?????? c /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/default-wifi-powersave-on.conf
?????????   /usr/libexec/sssd/proxy_child
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d/org.blueman.pkla (Permission denied)
?????????   /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-53-generic
?????????   /lib/netplan/00-network-manager-all.yaml
?????????   /boot/System.map-6.8.0-53-generic
??5?????? c /etc/fuse.conf
?????????   /boot/System.map-6.8.0-84-generic
missing   c /etc/grub.d/10_linux
?????????   /usr/libexec/sssd/selinux_child
??5?????? c /etc/tlp.conf
?????????   /usr/libexec/sssd/krb5_child
?????????   /usr/libexec/sssd/ldap_child
missing     /var/cache/cups/rss (Permission denied)
missing     /var/spool/cups/tmp (Permission denied)
??5?????? c /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades
?????????   /boot/System.map-6.8.0-85-generic
????????? c /etc/sudoers
????????? c /etc/sudoers.d/README
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d/org.freedesktop.Flatpak.pkla (Permission denied)
?????????   /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-84-generic
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d/gnome-initial-setup.pkla (Permission denied)
??5?????? c /etc/gdm3/custom.conf
??5?????? c /etc/sysctl.conf
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d/org.freedesktop.packagekit.pkla (Permission denied)
?????????   /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-79-generic
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d/com.ubuntu.desktop.pkla (Permission denied)
????????? c /etc/default/cacerts
?????????   /boot/System.map-6.8.0-79-generic
????????? c /etc/fwupd/fwupd.conf
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d (Permission denied)
missing     /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/10-vendor.d/fwupd.pkla (Permission denied)
?????????   /boot/System.map-6.8.0-50-generic
?????????   /boot/System.map-6.8.0-94-generic

In lieu of using termnal on the desktop, would using the RECOVERY tool from grub and dropping into root be better way to uninstall, then reboot and again to the tool to root, to reinstall nautilus?

I can run Firefox, browse away, play things, etc., and all is fine until I try to attach a file to an email which tries to bring up a nautilus type window, or try to download/save a file which also tries to bring up a nautilus type window, then it'll try but ends up crashing Firefox during the attempt. I assume a piece of nautilus is what the browser uses - same with using something like LibreOffice - try to open a file which tries to bring up the window and that does similarly...

using "LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=1 nautilus", I noticed I can rename a file, but try to copy it, and the freeze/blink off-on/crash happen as the window pops up (with read only message at its bottom) for where to copy it to...

@steeldriver:

Desktop$ ldd "$(command -v firefox)"
linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffdff992000)
libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007d6836703000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007d68366fe000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007d6836400000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007d683672d000)

"Try sudo apt install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop^ to fix default packages, including nautilus. – Archisman Panigrahi" - are you sure that's right 'cause I just get:

Desktop$ sudo apt install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop^
[sudo] password for batgirl: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package ubuntu-desktop^
E: Couldn't find task 'ubuntu-desktop'

but w/o the '^' on the end I still get:

Desktop$ sudo apt install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop
[sudo] password for batgirl: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package ubuntu-desktop        

NOTE: Posted new inquiry cleaned-up w/o all the rabbit holes at: Need help with terrible file manager type ‘glitch’?

OK, let's just try:

Desktop$ sudo apt install --reinstall nautilus
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 40 not upgraded.
Need to get 510 kB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-updates/main amd64 nautilus amd64 1:46.4-0ubuntu0.2 [510 kB]
Fetched 510 kB in 1s (402 kB/s)   
(Reading database ... 444973 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../nautilus_1%3a46.4-0ubuntu0.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nautilus (1:46.4-0ubuntu0.2) over (1:46.4-0ubuntu0.2) ...
Setting up nautilus (1:46.4-0ubuntu0.2) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1.1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.12.0-4build2) ...
Processing triggers for mailcap (3.70+nmu1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.27-2build1) ...

trying the help from linuxconfig.org

there's info in a posting titled "Reinstalling Gnome doesn't fix broken/corrupt gnome" that concluded to just do a “reinstall of the system without formatting the current system”… HOWEVER, ultimately re-install of 24.04 can no longer be done as ubuntu has removed the ability to re-install w/o format from its ubuntu-desktop-installer so, this link has no answer when it comes to 24.04 ~ we pray that they fix it in lieu of using this cop-out, so re-install w/o format and just overwrite resumes being possible!

For the past several weeks, my normally stable Kubuntu 24.04.3 system will randomly freeze (only the cursor will move, but does nothing) . At other times the display turns completely black. In both of these cases, I have to force a shutdown. Video thumbnails do not display correctly: they are colored lines - see screenshot at bottom. Attempting to view a page (Firefox 147.0.1) with embedded videos will cause freezing or black screens about 50% of the time.

I have 2 of these systems, and they both exhibit this unruly behavior.

Error messages from the last forced shutdown - I think the radeon errors are the most significant (?) as they occurred just before the shutdown:

Jan 22 14:14:15 frazzle-desktop kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Could not resolve symbol [\_SB.ALIB], AE_NOT_FOUND (20230628/psargs-332) 
Jan 22 14:14:15 frazzle-desktop kernel: ACPI Error: Aborting method \_SB.PCI0.VGA.ATC0 due to previous error (AE_NOT_FOUND) (20230628/psparse-529) 
Jan 22 14:14:15 frazzle-desktop kernel: ACPI Error: Aborting method \_SB.PCI0.VGA.ATCS due to previous error (AE_NOT_FOUND) (20230628/psparse-529) 
Jan 22 14:38:07 frazzle-desktop kernel: radeon 0000:00:01.0: scheduling IB failed (-2). 
Jan 22 14:38:07 frazzle-desktop kernel: [drm:radeon_cs_ioctl [radeon]] *ERROR* Failed to schedule IB !

Info about the GPU:

Model name:             AMD A10-7800 Radeon R7, 12 Compute Cores 4C+8G

 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Kaveri [Radeon R7 Graphics]
        Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Kaveri [Radeon R7 Graphics]
        Kernel driver in use: radeon
        Kernel modules: radeon, amdgpu

The last kernel update, as far as I can tell, was 12-12-2025. This was approximately when these problems started, but I am not sure of that.

Operating System: Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS              
          Kernel: Linux 6.8.0-90-generic
    Architecture: x86-64
 Hardware Vendor: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
  Hardware Model: F2A88XM-D3H
Firmware Version: F6
   Firmware Date: Wed 2014-05-28

I ran memtest86 for 30 hours on my 32GB of RAM with no problems detected. I keep both systems updated and have not installed any new hardware or software (other than Linux updates). Behavior may be related to this bug (seems similar)? https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/lightdm/+bug/2063983 I am unsure how to proceed.

The screenshot below is how some (but not all) video thumbnails are rendered.

I am trying to get a GPU system load monitor to work in xfce4 panel. Is there any way to configure the current CPU system load monitor to reflect GPU usage? I know we can run a script in genmon generic monitor but I don't have the skills necessary to create the script.

I have an AMD GPU and currently use gpu-mon --gui for monitoring but would like to have something similar to the CPU monitor in the panel, preferably for GPU load and vram mem load.

Thanks

I used to have my scanner working ok via commandline using a command similar to ramy@moonface:~$ scan -d pixma:04A9172B_D05FD9 --format jpeg

Now, after upgrading to ubuntu 22.04, I get the following error message:

scanimage: output is not a file, exiting

The scan-bed is not getting activated so i'm not sure at all what's happening.

Any insight would be greatly appreciated.

My current system setup is as follows:

System:    Host: Ubuntu 20.10 Kernel: 5.8.0-33-generic x86_64 
           bits: 64 
           Desktop: N/A 
           Distro: Ubuntu 20.10 (Groovy Gorilla)

Machine:   Type: Desktop motherboard: ASUSTeK model: M5A78L-M PLUS/USB3 v: Rev X.0x serial: <superuser/root required>

BIOS:      American Megatrends v: 0502 date: 11/18/2016 

CPU:       Info: 6-Core model: AMD FX-6300 bits: 64 type: MCP L2 cache: 2048 KiB 
           Speed: 1406 MHz min/max: 1400/3500 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 1405 2: 1405 3: 1406 4: 1406 5: 1406 6: 1396 

Graphics:  Device-1: NVIDIA TU117 [GeForce GTX 1650] driver: nvidia v: 455.38 
           Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.9 driver: nvidia unloaded: fbdev,modesetting,nouveau,vesa resolution: 1920x1080~60Hz
OpenGL: renderer: GeForce GTX 1650/PCIe/SSE2 v: 4.6.0 NVIDIA 455.38

Audio:     Device-1: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD/ATI] SBx00 Azalia driver: snd_hda_intel 
           Device-2: NVIDIA driver: snd_hda_intel 
           Device-3: JMTek LLC. type: USB driver: hid-generic,snd-usb-audio,usbhid 
           Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.8.0-33-generic

Network:   Device-1: Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet driver: r8169 
           IF: enp4s0 state: up speed: 100 Mbps duplex: full mac: 2c:4d:54:e9:5b:9d

Drives:    Local Storage: total: 689.34 GiB used: 51.90 GiB (7.5%) 
           ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Western Digital model: WDS240G2G0A-00JH30 size: 223.58 GiB 
           ID-2: /dev/sdb vendor: Western Digital model: WD5000AZRX-00L4HB0 size: 465.76 GiB

Partition: ID-1: / size: 95.07 GiB used: 51.90 GiB (54.6%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sdb5 
Swap:      ID-1: swap-1 type: file size: 2.00 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) file: /swapfile

Sensors:   System Temperatures: cpu: 31.0 C mobo: 30.0 C gpu: nvidia temp: 27 C 
           Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 2096 case-1: 0 gpu: nvidia fan: 50% 
Info:      Processes: 313 Uptime: 2h 01m Memory: 15.62 GiB used: 3.16 GiB (20.2%)
Shell:     Bash inxi: 3.1.07

Screenshots of the drives sda and sdb from GParted are shown below:

The first drive - sda (a 240 GB WD Green SSD) has Windows 10 installed in it. The second drive - sdb (a 500 GB WD HDD) has an NTFS partition with about 370 Gb allocated, then 512 MB ESP Partition which I had to create when installing Ubuntu 20.10, and the rest about 98 GB is ext4 with Ubuntu 20.10 installed. The GRUB is installed in sdb (it would not install on sda when I was installing Ubuntu 20.10)

I have a new 480 GB SSD drive on which I want to transfer / copy / the Ubuntu system which is currently on sdb5 (along with the ESP partition if required). Then I would remove the 500 GB HDD from the system and use it as an external drive, so my future system would have - (1) sda - 240 GB SSD with Windows 10 and (2) sdb - 480 GB SSD with the current Ubuntu system installed in it.

What is the best / easiest way to go about it? I'm not a system expert or anything, just an ordinary user who can install Ubuntu alongside Windows and enjoy computing and coding on Ubuntu.

I recently switched from gnome to i3 and was wondering how to change my color theme. I want to set a custom bg and text color as well as font. I have the yaru-dark theme using an app called "Customize look and feel", although I was able to change it to the same theme using another app called "GTK Ch-theme".

The issue is that I can't change it to custom colors. I want to change the grey color to black. When I try to do this using the "Customize look and feel" app, there is an option to do this. However, the option is disabled and I need to install lxsessions and change my current window manager for that, which I don’t want to. How can I set a custom theme without switching to LXDE?

pgadmin4 is running perfectly before the system update of ubuntu 16.04 I didn't actually check what are those updates.

But after the update and I tried running pgAdmin, it boots up and shows the pgAdmin loading screen. Then it loads for a long while and eventually gives me the error:

The application server could not be contacted.

I checked the pgAdmin4 logs and it gives me:

AttributeError: 'Request' object has no attribute 'is_json'
2020-05-18 16:08:46,684: ERROR  pgadmin:  'Request' object has no attribute 'is_json'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask/app.py", line 1473, in full_dispatch_request
    rv = self.preprocess_request()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask/app.py", line 1666, in preprocess_request
    rv = func()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask_principal.py", line 477, in _on_before_request
    identity = loader()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask_security/core.py", line 515, in _identity_loader
    if not isinstance(current_user._get_current_object(), AnonymousUserMixin):
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/werkzeug/local.py", line 307, in _get_current_object
    return self.__local()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask_login/utils.py", line 26, in <lambda>
    current_user = LocalProxy(lambda: _get_user())
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask_login/utils.py", line 302, in _get_user
    current_app.login_manager._load_user()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask_login/login_manager.py", line 313, in _load_user
    return self._load_from_request(request)
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask_login/login_manager.py", line 370, in _load_from_request
    user = self.request_callback(request)
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/flask_security/core.py", line 475, in _request_loader
    if request.is_json:
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/werkzeug/local.py", line 348, in __getattr__
    return getattr(self._get_current_object(), name)
AttributeError: 'Request' object has no attribute 'is_json'

I already tried searching for it, but I am not a python guy. My guess is python version incompatibility. I saw a previous question about this 4 days ago. And it was deleted. I am not sure why.

Note: There is no config changes or anything.

EDIT (thanks to @Des Magner comment): This bug is already being tracked by PostgreSQL team https://redmine.postgresql.org/issues/5565

In order to fix some driver nvidia gpu issue with steam, I tried installing libwayland as suggested in a forum, sudo apt-get install libwayland-client0:i386. Now I was running a 64 bit Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and while the installation was going on, I noticed that it started removing packages. By the time it finished, it removed a bunch of packages, and now i dont even have vim or nautilus installed. I am still not sure what libwayland does, and what it replaced in the original Ubuntu 18.04. I just want back my applications which come with the default ubuntu installation. I tried following instructions to fix broken ubuntu installation in https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-fix-broken-ubuntu-os-without-reinstalling-it/ but running sudo apt install -f just shows me a list of packages that are no longer required and suggests that I remove them with autoremove.

Any suggestions on how to restore my Ubuntu? I still have access to my data and the desktop environment but I don't think tracking down every package that comes with 18.04 and installing with apt-get is a feasible option.

I checked the file in /var/log/apt and it had a huge list of the packages that were removed, including basic packages like gedit etc. I have the list, but is there any way to reinstall all these without doing them one-by-one manually?

Is it possible for the file browser to, for example, sort files by Modified date and directories alphabetically?

I never care about the most recently modified directory and can find the one I want faster if they are sorted alphabetically, but this is the opposite for files.

I'm using kubuntu 18.04

While testing a script which spawns a lot of parallel processes, I started getting fork: retry: resource temporarily unavailable error messages. Assuming that this was a per-user process limit, I started looking through the usual process limit configurations; eventually, I convinced myself that Ubuntu is now using systemd to configure per user limits, and that the limit I need to change is TasksMax.

In particular, by recursive grepping I eventually found this file:

$ cat /run/systemd/transient/user-1000.slice
# This is a transient unit file, created programmatically via the systemd API. Do not edit.
[Unit]
Description=User Slice of rici
After=systemd-logind.service
After=systemd-user-sessions.service

[Slice]
TasksMax=10813

I understand all that, but it doesn't tell me how I do change this value. All it does is tell me how not to do it (by editing the file). It also doesn't provide the least hint of how the number 10813 was computed; on the fact of it, it seems like an odd (albeit not quite prime) value to come up with as a default.

1. Is there some simple command in the vein of ulimit which I can use to change this setting on-the-fly? Or even a complicated one? (And could I have used this hypothetical command to ascertain the current limit?)

2. If I really have to restart my login session to change the task limit -- something I'd really prefer to avoid -- what do I have to poke to change the default value?

My Apache is running and displays the Default Page. I can redirect a PHP file into php and the echo command displays properly. I've already researched previous versions of Ubuntu and can't find any solution.

a2query -m php7.2  -> Enabled by maintainer script

In /etc/apache2/mods-avaliable/php7.2.conf

These lines have been commented.
 Running PHP scripts in user directories is disabled by default
 To re-enable PHP in user directories comment the following lines
 (from <IfModule ...> to </IfModule>.) Do NOT set it to On as it
 prevents .htaccess files from disabling it.
  Commented following lines.
<IfModule mod_userdir.c>
    <Directory /home/*/public_html>
        php_admin_flag engine Off
    </Directory>
</IfModule>

The classic phpinfo.php processes but no output is provided by Apache. i.e. php < phpinfo.php lists all the information.

I believe that there is a setting required and/or a value not set. This resulted after upgrading from Ubuntu 15.04 to Ubuntu 18.04. Any help would be appreciated.

I would like to generate camera raw file thumbnails (Nikon .NEF) in Nautilus with gThumb, without opening the app, and when no additional thumbnailer is installed. Some script or a Terminal command, I guess.

When a folder with pictures is opened in gThumb's folders browser it generates thumbnails in /home/.thumbnails if the thumbnail for that file is not already there. Also, can it be done just by opening the folder with the raw files in Nautilus, as a thumbnailer would do it?

For the moment gnome-raw-thumbnailer and ufraw-batch are buggy for 18.04, gdk-pixbuf-thumbnailer generates low-quality thumbnails for raw files, so I'm not using any of them. Thanks!

I have a weird issue. I can't access some webpages (e.g. youtube) through chrome on my Ubuntu 16.04 desktop. I can access the webpages fine with firefox, just not with chrome. Chrome returns an "ERR_ADDRESS_UNREACHABLE" error. Any ideas what I might do to resolve this?

To clarify, I can access most webpages just fine, the only one I've encountered this error with is youtube. I've tried googling the issue but all the posts I've found were windows related or regarding the youtube app.

My brother installed Ubuntu on my windows 10 toshiba laptop. At first it was great, but now I can only access the guest session, and can't access the full capability of Ubuntu. I work with my laptop and I'm new to this so any kind of advice or help would be genuinely appreciated. Thank you!

When I boot up, I sometimes go into tty, execute a few commands and then have to restart the GUI (gmd) with

sudo service restart gdm

I then go to the GUI (Alt+F7) and have to login.

Occasionally, it freezes up after logging in, and I go through the process again. Is there any way of starting the GUI and loggining in, for example

sudo service gdm restart --login myname

then it would ask for password (like sudo does).

And rather than me switch to GUI then login, I would switch to GUI and everything would be running.

I have tried using ap-hotspot from WebUpd8, and it did not work for me in 13.10 or 14.04, so I have been working on getting hostapd manually set up, using isc-dhcp-server since dnsmasq was having conflicts for me. I have been able to connect to the AP, and get an IP, but routing does not seem to want to work. Here is my build log and the guides I have been following:

• https://askubuntu.com/a/180734/279108
• http://thenewbieblog.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/wifi-hotspot-setup-on-ubuntu/
• http://danbishop.org/2011/12/11/using-hostapd-to-add-wireless-access-point-capabilities-to-an-ubuntu-server/

Config files:

/etc/network/interfaces:

auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet static
hostapd -dd /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf
address 10.10.0.1
netmask 255.255.255.0

/etc/default/hostapd:

RUN_DAEMON="yes"
DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf"
DAEMON_OPTS="-dd"

/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf:

# WiFi Hotspot
interface=wlan0
driver=nl80211
#Access Point
ssid=workshop
hw_mode=g
# WiFi Channel:
channel=1
macaddr_acl=0
auth_algs=1
ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=mypass
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=TKIP
rsn_pairwise=CCMP

/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf:

ddns-update-style none;
#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;
log-facility local7;
subnet 10.10.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
    range 10.10.0.2 10.10.0.32;
    option domain-name-servers 208.67.222.222, 208.67.220.220;
    option routers 10.10.0.1;
}

/etc/rc.local:

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.10.0.0/32 -o eth1 -j MASQUERADE
exit 0

The following commands were run:

sudo ifconfig wlan0 10.10.0.1
sudo sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
sudo ip link set dev wlan0 up
sudo service hostapd start

I have installed bridge-utils, but I have not added br0 yet because I am not sure how to change the other parts of my config to reflect it...

Edit: After double checking my configs through another (older) guide, tried again and decided to add what shows up in the logs when something connects. The device connecting is my android phone, which connects fine through normal routers.

(I understand most of what is going on in the logs, and startup looks fine. Then scrolling randomness...)

Add randomness: count=52 entropy=51
mgmt::auth
authentication: STA=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 auth_alg=0 auth_transaction=1 status_code=0 wep=0
  New STA
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 IEEE 802.11: authentication OK (open system)
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 MLME: MLME-AUTHENTICATE.indication(a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3, OPEN_SYSTEM)
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 MLME: MLME-DELETEKEYS.request(a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3)
authentication reply: STA=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 auth_alg=0 auth_transaction=2 resp=0 (IE len=0)
Add randomness: count=53 entropy=52
mgmt::auth cb
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 IEEE 802.11: authenticated
mgmt::assoc_req
association request: STA=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 capab_info=0x431 listen_interval=20
  new AID 1
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 IEEE 802.11: association OK (aid 1)
Add randomness: count=54 entropy=53
mgmt::assoc_resp cb
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 IEEE 802.11: associated (aid 1)
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 MLME: MLME-ASSOCIATE.indication(a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3)
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 MLME: MLME-DELETEKEYS.request(a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3)
wpa_driver_nl80211_set_key: ifindex=3 alg=0 addr=0x9f8ac90 key_idx=0 set_tx=1 seq_len=0 key_len=0
   addr=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA: event 1 notification
wpa_driver_nl80211_set_key: ifindex=3 alg=0 addr=0x9f8ac90 key_idx=0 set_tx=1 seq_len=0 key_len=0
   addr=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
IEEE 802.1X: Ignore STA - 802.1X not enabled or forced for WPS
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA: start authentication
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state INITIALIZE
wpa_driver_nl80211_set_key: ifindex=3 alg=0 addr=0x9f8ac90 key_idx=0 set_tx=1 seq_len=0 key_len=0
   addr=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 IEEE 802.1X: unauthorizing port
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK_GROUP entering state IDLE
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state AUTHENTICATION
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state AUTHENTICATION2
WPA: Re-initialize GMK/Counter on first station
Get randomness: len=32 entropy=54
GMK - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Get randomness: len=32 entropy=22
Key Counter - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Get randomness: len=16 entropy=0
GTK - hexdump(len=16): [REMOVED]
wpa_driver_nl80211_set_key: ifindex=3 alg=3 addr=0x80dd6be key_idx=1 set_tx=1 seq_len=0 key_len=16
   broadcast key
WPA: Assign ANonce - hexdump(len=32): 12 53 6f 26 8a a3 87 09 b4 31 e2 81 ef c3 ea 3e 6c 3d 0c a5 fb 85 07 f2 0a 2a 4a 5e a2 00 59 e9
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state INITPSK
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state PTKSTART
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA: sending 1/4 msg of 4-Way Handshake
WPA: Send EAPOL(version=2 secure=0 mic=0 ack=1 install=0 pairwise=8 kde_len=0 keyidx=0 encr=0)
WPA: Use EAPOL-Key timeout of 100 ms (retry counter 1)
nl80211: Event message available
nl80211: New station a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
IEEE 802.1X: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 TX status - version=2 type=3 length=95 - ack=1
WPA: EAPOL-Key TX status for STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 ack=1
WPA: Increase initial EAPOL-Key 1/4 timeout by 1000 ms because of acknowledged frame
IEEE 802.1X: 121 bytes from a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
   IEEE 802.1X: version=1 type=3 length=117
WPA: Received EAPOL-Key from a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 key_info=0x10a type=2 key_data_length=22
WPA: Received Key Nonce - hexdump(len=32): 7c 4d 99 9f 10 56 93 84 a9 8a f8 15 d8 8e 1e 6d 2f 39 95 8f bc 99 9a 4c 06 3d 37 65 e6 db 49 fa
WPA: Received Replay Counter - hexdump(len=8): 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01
Add randomness: count=55 entropy=0
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA: received EAPOL-Key frame (2/4 Pairwise)
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state PTKCALCNEGOTIATING
WPA: PTK derivation - A1=90:4c:e5:55:94:4d A2=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
WPA: Nonce1 - hexdump(len=32): 12 53 6f 26 8a a3 87 09 b4 31 e2 81 ef c3 ea 3e 6c 3d 0c a5 fb 85 07 f2 0a 2a 4a 5e a2 00 59 e9
WPA: Nonce2 - hexdump(len=32): 7c 4d 99 9f 10 56 93 84 a9 8a f8 15 d8 8e 1e 6d 2f 39 95 8f bc 99 9a 4c 06 3d 37 65 e6 db 49 fa
WPA: PMK - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
WPA: PTK - hexdump(len=48): [REMOVED]
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state PTKCALCNEGOTIATING2
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state PTKINITNEGOTIATING
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA: sending 3/4 msg of 4-Way Handshake
WPA: Send EAPOL(version=2 secure=1 mic=1 ack=1 install=1 pairwise=8 kde_len=46 keyidx=1 encr=1)
Plaintext EAPOL-Key Key Data - hexdump(len=56): [REMOVED]
WPA: Use EAPOL-Key timeout of 100 ms (retry counter 1)
IEEE 802.1X: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 TX status - version=2 type=3 length=151 - ack=1
WPA: EAPOL-Key TX status for STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 ack=1
IEEE 802.1X: 99 bytes from a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
   IEEE 802.1X: version=1 type=3 length=95
WPA: Received EAPOL-Key from a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 key_info=0x30a type=2 key_data_length=0
WPA: Received Key Nonce - hexdump(len=32): 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
WPA: Received Replay Counter - hexdump(len=8): 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA: received EAPOL-Key frame (4/4 Pairwise)
WPA: a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA_PTK entering state PTKINITDONE
wpa_driver_nl80211_set_key: ifindex=3 alg=3 addr=0x9f8ac90 key_idx=0 set_tx=1 seq_len=0 key_len=16
   addr=a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
wlan0: AP-STA-CONNECTED a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 IEEE 802.1X: authorizing port
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 RADIUS: starting accounting session 536C1843-00000000
wlan0: STA a0:f4:50:18:a2:c3 WPA: pairwise key handshake completed (RSN)
Add randomness: count=56 entropy=1

(more randomness, until I ctrl+c)

I would like to un-encrypt files that I had previously encrypted with Axcrypt. There does seem to be a Linux version on their website, but when I run it, I get Windows related errors, and when I run it with Wine I get that it is an invalid .exe format.

I don't really need to use the Axcrypt program, as long as I'm able to decrypt my text files I'm happy. I know Axcrypt uses AES encryption, so has anyone had any success decrypting an Axcrypt file with another AES encryption program?

While I'm waiting for responses, I'll start digging through the source code to see if I can find anything.

I just installed gnuradio on my ubuntu 12.04. I tried running a simple wbfm receiver program that I got from online. When trying to execute the program, I get the following error:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/me/Downloads/uhd_wbfm_receive.py", line 10, in <module>
    from gnuradio import analog
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gnuradio/analog/__init__.py", line 33, in <module>
    from analog_swig import *
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gnuradio/analog/analog_swig.py", line 26, in <module>
    _analog_swig = swig_import_helper()
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gnuradio/analog/analog_swig.py", line 22, in swig_import_helper
    _mod = imp.load_module('_analog_swig', fp, pathname, description)
ImportError: libfftw3f.so.3: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

I'm quite new to linux.

I'm on a new install of Lubuntu 12.04 on an Acer Aspire 5534 (specifications here, tl;dr: AMD dual-core 64bit) trying to install steam_latest.deb from the Steam website. When I open gdebi to install, it tells me that it's uninstallable because it's for a i386 architecture. I've tried installing ia32-libs (installed, no success), gdebi --add-architecture i386 (with and without --force, command unknown). This is all I've found to fix the problem, but none of it has worked for me. Any suggestions are welcome, thanks for your time.

I'm having a severe connection problem in Ubuntu 12.04 that renders the OS almost useless. I have a Huawei E352 3G modem. Ubuntu detects it as a mobile broadband connection without any problem. I created a new connection by providing APN. Now after connection it disconnects after a few seconds, and the modem disappears from mobile broadband list. I tried various workarounds but neither worked. I had no problem in Ubuntu 11.10.

I have a few external hard drives (SSDs and Platters (SATA), is this possible that I can install Kubuntu 10.10 x64 or Ubuntu 10.10 x64 onto one of these external hard drives? My System supports booting off a usb, it will just give me a learning playground without spoiling my existing operating environment. I know I can install as Virtual machines, but installing U/Kubuntu on a External HDD and booting off it would be easier.

Will be grateful for your insights....and steps to do so. Thanks