I want to upgrade my already unsupported Ubuntu 20.04 lts release to 22.04 lts but I'm facing a deal with "updating your package information".

When I try to upgrade using the command: sudo do-release-upgrade, here are the complete screen prints:

Checking for a new Ubuntu release
Get:1 Upgrade tool signature [833 B]                                                                                                                                                                              
Get:2 Upgrade tool [1.267 kB]                                                                                                                                                                                     
Fetched 1.268 kB in 0s (0 B/s)                                                                                                                                                                                    
authenticate 'jammy.tar.gz' against 'jammy.tar.gz.gpg' 
extracting 'jammy.tar.gz'

Reading cache

Checking package manager
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree        
Reading state information... Done
Hit http://ubuntu.unc.edu.ar/ubuntu focal-security InRelease                                                                                                                                                      
Hit http://ubuntu.unc.edu.ar/ubuntu focal InRelease                                                                                                                                                               
Hit http://ubuntu.unc.edu.ar/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease                                                                                                                                                       
Hit http://ubuntu.unc.edu.ar/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease                                                                                                                                                     
Fetched 0 B in 0s (0 B/s)                                                                                                                                                                                         
Reading package lists... Done    
Building dependency tree          
Reading state information... Done
nvidia-driver-570

Checking for installed snaps

Calculating snap size requirements

Updating repository information

Third party sources disabled 

Some third party entries in your sources.list were disabled. You can 
re-enable them after the upgrade with the 'software-properties' tool 
or your package manager. 

To continue please press [ENTER]

Fetched 0 B in 0s (0 B/s)                                                                                                                                                                                         

Checking package manager
Reading package lists... Done    
Building dependency tree          
Reading state information... Done

Invalid package information 

After updating your package information, the essential package 
'ubuntu-minimal' could not be located. This may be because you have 
no official mirrors listed in your software sources, or because of 
excessive load on the mirror you are using. See /etc/apt/sources.list 
for the current list of configured software sources. 
In the case of an overloaded mirror, you may want to try the upgrade 
again later. 

What I have done so far:

• Before upgrading, I ran: sudo apt-get update, sudo apt-get upgrade, sudo apt-get remove and sudo reboot.

• Also, I disable the third-party repositories unchecking the boxes in Other Software's tap in "Software & Updates".

• Following this post "Invalid package information" error when upgrading to Ubuntu 20.04 I ran sudo RELEASE_UPGRADER_ALLOW_THIRD_PARTY=1 do-release-upgrade with same result.

• I also deleted all files at /var/lib/apt/lists, and updated all packages again by running sudo apt-get update. Same result.

Any ideas to help me?
Thank you!

I am unable to remove/uninstall Chromium from Ubuntu 20.04 due to the error below.

error: snap "chromium" has "remove-snap" change in progress

How do you fix this error?

This error is reproduced with the following commands.

sudo snap remove chromium
sudo snap remove chromium --purge

The following solutions did not work.

1. Rebooted 5 times

2. snap abort ID

3. Uninstalling through the Ubuntu Software window

4. Emptying these directories.

   1. sudo rm /var/cache/fontconfig/*

   2. rm ~/.cache/fontconfig/*

   3. sudo fc-cache -r -v

   4. rm -rf ~/snap/chromium/common/.cache/fontconfig/

5. Changed my clock 45 days forward. I read sometimes snap has a 30 day snapshot or something like that, so I thought jumping forward might help.

6. Used: snap set core snapshots.automatic.retention=no

Additional output if it helps.

snap list chromium

Name      Version       Rev   Tracking     Publisher   Notes
chromium  144.0.7524.0  3308  latest/edge  canonical✓  disabled,held

snap abort does not work

Many solutions recommend finding the ID of any snap actions with Status=Error (see the output below of snap changes) and doing a snap abort ID. This did not work for me because no snap action has Status=Error.

snap changes
ID   Status  Spawn                   Ready                   Summary
211  Done    yesterday at 12:27 PST  yesterday at 12:28 PST  Pre-download "chromium" for auto-refresh
212  Done    yesterday at 13:23 PST  yesterday at 13:24 PST  Auto-refresh snap "chromium"
213  Done    yesterday at 17:45 PST  yesterday at 17:46 PST  Refresh "chromium" snap from "latest/edge" channel
214  Undo    yesterday at 17:46 PST  -                       Remove "chromium" snap

Background

I was delaying the update of Chromium for a few weeks. Last night, I closed all the Chromium windows and Chromium went into self update mode. After the update, Chromium could no longer open, so I made attempts to remove and revert to an older version of Chromium. During this process, the error message started to appear.

I’m working on a Debian package migration and could use input on the upgrade and packaging process.

Background:

• Program recently upgraded from version 2.X.X to 3.X.X.
• With the upgrade, renamed the package and split it into multiple Debian packages:
  • oldname.deb became new.deb, new-tools.deb, and new-core.deb
  • Also supply RPMs that mirror this split and setup
• The program still supports all old command-line functions (as well as new ones).
• Most files in the debian/ directory have been renamed from oldname.* to new.*, with references updated accordingly.
  • Exceptions: oldname-prefetch.service, oldname-prefetch.sh, oldname.config, and oldname.service were not renamed (aligns with rpms).
• The rules file was modernized (from cdbs to debhelper).
• The control file and rules file content are included below (see code blocks).
• Created a transitional oldname package to ensure a clean upgrade path.
• The transitional package seems necessary for apt to handle the migration; control fields alone (Provides, Replaces, Breaks) did not suffice.

My specific questions:

1. Control File Fields:
   • Should the Provides, Conflicts, and Breaks fields appear in all new packages (new.deb, new-tools.deb, etc.) or only in the main new.deb package?
   • Why doesn’t setting just these fields allow apt to fully upgrade from oldname to the new packages, making the transitional package necessary?
2. Debian Rules File Behavior:
   • Is the current rules/setup approach correct for handling moved or renamed files?
   • I am explicitly installing files to specific paths, hence the package name is omitted from the override blocks.
   • I tried removing /usr/lib/systemd/oldname.service from the transitional package via an override (e.g., override_dh_auto_install-oldname or override_dh_install), but it’s not having the expected effect. Should I specify individual files, or is there something I’m missing about override execution for this case?
   • Why does the oldname package end up with /usr/lib/systemd/oldname.service? (There is no oldname.install file, but oldname.service is referenced in new.install.)
3. Naming and Transitional Package:
   • Is it a problem for transitional package oldname to still install files named oldname, e.g., oldname.service, or to contain scripts/configs that reference the old name?
4. Upgrade Testing:
   • Is the issue about apt not handling the upgrade as expected likely a local environment (testing) issue, or are there common pitfalls that might cause this on a fresh environment?

Code

Control File:

Source: new
Section: admin
Priority: optional
Maintainer: <email>
Build-Depends: ython3-all-dev, debhelper (>= 10), config-package-dev, lsb-release, ca-certificates, dh-python, asciidoc-base, docbook-xml, binutils-dev
Standards-Version: #.#.#
Package: new
Architecture: all
Pre-Depends: debconf
Depends: ${shlibs:Depends}, ${python3:Depends}, ${misc:Depends}, new-tools,
  python3, python3-yaml,
  uuid-runtime,
  …
Provides: ${diverted-files}, new-oldname, oldname
Conflicts: ${diverted-files}, new-oldname, oldname (<< 3.0.0)
Breaks: oldname (<< 3.0.0)
Replaces: new-oldname (<< 3.0.0), oldname (<< 3.0.0)
Description: Title
  Body
Package: new-tools
Architecture: all
Pre-Depends: debconf
Depends: ${shlibs: Depends}, ${python3:Depends}, new-core,
  python3, python3-yaml,
  uuid-runtime,
  …
Replaces: oldname (<< 3.0.0), new (<< 3.0.0)
Description: Title
  Body
Package: oldname
Depends: new, ${misc:Depends}
Architecture: all
Priority: optional
Section: oldlibs
Description: transitional package
  This is a transitional package. It can be safely removed.

Rules file:

#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DEP_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = harding=+all
export DEB_FIXPERMS_EXCLUDE = /usr/lib/oldname/new-*
export PYBUILD_NAME = new
export PYBUILD_DESTDIR_python3 = $(CURDIR)/debian/new-tools
%:
dh $@ —fail-missing —with python3,systemd
override_dh_auto_install:
dh_auto_install
rm -f debian/tmp/etc/init.d/foo
mkdir -p debian/new/usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks
install -m 755 -D debian/new.initramfs.hooks debian/new/usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/new
install -m 755 -d debian/new/usr/share/keyrings
install -m 755 -d debian/new/usr/share/oldname
install -m 644 archive/new-new.list debian/new/usr/share/oldname/new.list
perl -I./new ./new/file-name --api-version > debian/new/usr/share/oldname/new-tools-api-version
# added this line to try to remove these from the transitional package:
rm -f debian/oldname/usr/lib/systemd/oldname.service
override_dh_install:
dh_install —fail-missing
install -m 755 -D scripts/cron debian/new/etc/cron.d/cron

line from new.install:


debian/oldname.service usr/lib/systemd/system

Is anyone's default X11 DISPLAY :0? Or is it :1 for Ubuntu (GNOME, GDM, 22.04, X11)?

Background: Our corporate IT wrote code targeted to Ubuntu (the only Linux distribution we deploy as a desktop environment) that hard-codes the DISPLAY to :0. But my DISPLAY, and my colleague's DISPLAY, and my other 24.04 desktop, and his 22.04 non-IT laptop, come up as DISPLAY=:1, which breaks a function, and IT seems to be caught flat-footed by this. ChatGPT says that :0 is the default. I am super-curious why all the systems I consult use :1 as the default display, but ChatGPT and IT think it should be :0.

Only one instance of Xorg is running:

$ ps ax | fgrep 'Xorg'
  14421 tty2     Sl+    1:45 /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg vt2 -displayfd 3 -auth /run/user/645083918/gdm/Xauthority -nolisten tcp -background none -noreset -keeptty -novtswitch -verbose 3

xrandr shows a Screen 0 and that's it. There are no references to displays anywhere in /etc/X11. GDM is running. Wayland is disabled. /etc/.X11-unix has X1 alone. No other users are running and no remote sessions are running. Reboots and logouts don't change the situation.

Steps to reproduce:

1. [Switch from Wayland to X11.]
2. Reboot.
3. Log into GDM3.
4. Open terminal.
5. echo $DISPLAY
6. See that it says :1

I have a tiny PC (Lenovo ThinkCentre) that does not have Bluetooth built-in, so I'd like to get a USB Bluetooth receiver that works seamlessly with Ubuntu 24. I already tried the Edimax BT-8500 since it claims Linux support, but it did not work (see my support question here: How do I get the Edimax BT-8500 working in Ubuntu 24?). Does anyone have a recommendation for a different one that actually works with minimal headaches?

I'm using Kubuntu 22.04. I try to find all tables with cms subname in my laravel projects (stored in /mnt/_work_sdb8/wwwroot/lar subdirectory) that are under migrations. To do so, I run:

grep -Hrn -A 5 'cms' --include="*database/migrations/*.php"  /mnt/_work_sdb8/wwwroot/lar

... but it fails. Is my command incorrect?

I am new to Ubuntu and Linux in general, so I might not immediately get everything you're talking about.

My question is about the absence of the confirmation dialog when using the delete key on your keyboard, and more specifically how to enable it. I have searched everywhere and can not find a working answer.

Windows also defaults to not showing anything when deleting files, but at least there you've got the option to enable it again.

So, short of the devs adding the option into the OS again (please do!), what other way is there to enable the warning message?

I want to access to AWS or Discord or even Proton VPN, but they keep loading forever. I have changed DNS, disabled ipv6 and tried every option that ChatGPT suggests, but I still can't access AWS. Even more interestingly my co-worker's PC can access AWS or Discord without any problem.

I’m building an Electron/ubuntu-frame kiosk for a product and found that native Wayland clients that use wl_shm (Electron and WPE) are hitting create_pool invalid arguments on this hardware; here are the details:

1. Hardware:

   • Asus NUC 14 Essential, Intel Alder Lake-N.

   • Kernel: OEM 6.11 on Ubuntu Server 24.04.

   • Graphics: Intel Kobuk PPA + non-free VAAPI stack for Alder Lake-N.

2. Compositor:

   • ubuntu-frame 24/stable, revision 393 (Mir 2.23.0).

   • Running as the kiosk shell on the NUC.

3. Clients that reproduce the issue:

   • My Electron snap (Electron 28.3.3 and 31.7.7).

   • Minimal Electron test app (single BrowserWindow + data:text/html).

   • Canonical’s own wpe-webkit-mir-kiosk (latest/stable), on the same NUC.

4. Symptom (key log lines):

   libwayland: wl_display@1: error 1: invalid arguments for wl_shm@XX.create_pool
   
   

   • For Electron: occurs right after the first window is created, on initial content rendering.

   • For wpe-webkit-mir-kiosk: same error, compositor keeps running but logs it.

5. Things I have already tried:

   • Electron 31 and 28; both fail identically.

   • GPU enabled / disabled, software-only (LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=1, MESA_LOADER_DRIVER_OVERRIDE=llvmpipe).

   • In-process GPU, disabled ChromeOS video decoder, various Ozone flags.

   • Confirmed Wayland connection & EGL libs are OK; gtk/pixbuf and config are fine.

   • Exact same snap environment works in X11 mode (once I add that – see below).

Questions:

• Are there known issues with Alder Lake-N + Mir 2.23.0 + wl_shm?

• Is there an existing fix in a newer Mir / ubuntu-frame channel?

We have an issue with WiFi drivers on Ubuntu 24.04.

Machine specifications are following:

• Dell Pro Max 16 MC16250

• Intel WiFi 6E AX211

• AX211 driver

Can you please suggest the solution?

I'm using VMware workstation 17 Pro 17.16.4-build.24832109 on my Ubuntu, but every time I'm starting my Windows VM, I get this error:

vmware could not open /dev/vmmon: no such file or directory. 
Please make sure that the kernel module vmmon is loaded.

If I run: sudo vmware-modconfig --console --install-all
I get in the end of the output "VIrtual machine monitor" failed to start but some others succeed.

I saw this: https://github.com/codiobert/vmware-vmmon-fix , and it fixed it one time, but it means I have to run this script every time I boot my computer which is annoying. How can I fix this?

Moving from Solaris to Ubuntu. I need to display the hostnames of connected IP's as in hosts file instead of IP addresses, using who -u and who -m.

This is the result in Solaris:

This is the result in Ubuntu, where I would expect the hostname to be shown instead of the IP address in the who -m command:

Regards

(Ubuntu 24.04)my external monitor worked well at 144hz all these but today all of sudden, my external monitor is capped to 60hz. I tried everything like adding new mode, but nothing worked. I deleted the nvidia driver and suddenly after a reboot everything works well. But, I need nvidia driver for a project. I want to see if there is any to keep the nvidia driver and have it run at 144hz. (Nvidia running on my laptop dual booted with windows-primary and mok signed in for secure boot on)

I wanted to connect my headset to my Ubuntu desktop using the supplied USB cable, but it didn’t work out of the box. After following the instructions on https://keyhole.be/node/24, I was able to get it working.
However, there is one issue: sometimes after a reboot, the configuration resets and I have to redo the setup.
What can I do to make these changes permanent?

Regards,
Albert

I would like sed do something to each line of a file.

• if line is NOT blank, do something, (insert prefix_01 before line text),

• if line is blank, (including spaces, tabs or whatever not printable), do something else, (insert prefix_02 before line text).

This is my code:

f1="f1.txt"

printf "line ONE\n \t \nline THREE  \t\n" > "$f1"

prefix_01="everything good.. "
prefix_02="NOT good !! "

cat "$f1" | sed -E 's/^/'"$prefix_01"'/'

will produce the following output:

everything good.. line ONE
everything good..
everything good.. line THREE

but I would like to have the following output (with prefix_02 in case of blank lines):

everything good.. line ONE
NOT good !! 
everything good.. line THREE

I would like sed to test if line is empty or not, then do action_01 or action_02.

• if NOT empty line, action_01, (print prefix_01 + text of the line).
• if empty line, action_02, (print prefix_02 + contents of the line).

Any help?

I'm experiencing a common but frustrating issue with my Intel WiFi 7 BE200 card on Ubuntu 25.04 and would appreciate community advice on the best solution approach.

Hardware:

• Laptop: IdeaPad Pro 5 14IAH10 - Type 83JK
• WiFi Card: Intel WiFi 7 BE200 320MHz
• OS: Ubuntu 25.04 (kernel 6.14.0-15-generic)
• Firmware: 96.44729d4e.0 gl-c0-fm-c0-96.ucode

WiFi works perfectly on boot, but after suspend/resume, it cannot find any networks. The system shows the classic "Unable to change power state from D3cold to D0, device inaccessible" error in dmesg.

1. This appears to be a known issue with BE200 cards and power management
2. Manual driver reload (sudo modprobe -r iwlmvm iwlwifi && sudo modprobe iwlwifi iwlmvm) doesn't restore functionality
3. Only a full reboot restores WiFi

I have tried WiFi-specific udev rules to disable power management but it did not work. I also tested firmware updates (I have v96, v97 available), but still, did not work.

Any insights from the community would be greatly appreciated! I am really struggling to find any solutions.

I'm using Ubuntu 24.10 version. I have noticed that the Other Locations item doesn't appear in Files (Nautilus).

The Other Locations item was appearing in Nautilus' sidebar in a previous version as shown below (image from OMG! Ubuntu article GNOME 46: The Best New Features):

And here is Nautilus in GNOME 47 version where the Other Locations item is missing:

How can I access my computer files in what used to be Other Locations now that the item is missing?

I am aware of the 24.04.1 troubles at roll out.

Earlier this year I set up a fresh Jammy LTS Ubuntu instance on a new computer. I waited with the upgrade until a few days ago when it prompted me to upgrade to Noble. I thought any and all kinks were ironed out, especially since this is a very vanilla hardware (and software) environment. Anyway some things broke:

When I run Software Updater now, sometimes the application crashes, sometimes it'll report this:

I go for "Partial Upgrade", which quickly throws this error message:

Now I'm new to Ubuntu, but even I know the order in this error is wrong. I can't resolve this going apt update & apt upgrade. Some other things broke as well. ie: double clicking on an encrypted file within a zip (default will no longer prompt for password input, I have to manually extract the respective files. Just weird. Do you have any ideas for me as to how I can restore the updater?

The single piece of software I installe from outside of Ubuntu's own snap basket is SABnzbd.

$ sudo apt update
[sudo] password for [XXX]: 
Hit:1 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble InRelease
Hit:2 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-updates InRelease
Hit:3 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-backports InRelease
Hit:4 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-security InRelease
Reading package lists... Done                          
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
673 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.

then, if I run sudo apt upgrade, none of said packages are upgraded.

I checked against Major software missing after 24.04.1 LTS upgrade and when I follow the instructions there to fix /etc/apt/sources.list and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu.sources, I find that /etc/apt/sources.list contains only noble and no jammy BUT there is no /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu.sources file.

So I cd to /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ and ran dir.

It contains: jcfp-ubuntu-nobetas-jammy.list, jcfp-ubuntu-nobetas-jammy.list.save, and jcfp-ubuntu-nobetas-jammy.list.distUpgrade.

I am trying to create a sub-interface via netplan in Ubuntu Server 22.04. Unfortunately this doesn't work. I'd rather not use VLANs, but if you could do it with VLAN it would be a great help. I feel like it's not possible with netplan. Can I use any other tool?

network:   
version: 2   
renderer: networkd   
ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses:
        - <ip>/24
      gateway4: <gateway>
    eth0:1:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no

I'm using a PCIe extension card with a RTL8125 2.5GbE Controller on it. I've installed the Realtek driver r8125-9.007.01 from here successfully, but when I run # lshw -class network I see capacity: 1Gbit/s.

  *-network
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: RTL8125 2.5GbE Controller
       vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:28:00.0
       logical name: enp40s0
       version: 04
       serial: e0:e1:a9:57:80:94
       capacity: 1Gbit/s
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8125 driverversion=9.007.01-NAPI latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
       resources: irq:38 ioport:d000(size=256) memory:fcb10000-fcb1ffff memory:fcb20000-fcb23fff memory:fcb00000-fcb0ffff

I've tried the following commands so far but they don't change anything:

• # ethtool -s enp40s0 autoneg on advertise 0x80000000002f
• # ethtool -s enp40s0 speed 2500 duplex full autoneg on

This ethernet port is connected to a Windows PC (that also has a 2.5GbE adapter) which shows 2.5Gb/s in the control panel correctly.

I tried copying a large file via samba and it works but only at 1Gb/s speeds. Any help is appreciated! It shouldn't be this hard to use a NIC at its advertised speed.

EDIT: After digging around some more sudo ethtool enp40s0 gives me:

sudo ethtool enp40s0
Settings for enp40s0:
        Supported ports: [ TP ]
        Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
                                100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
                                1000baseT/Full
                                2500baseT/Full
        Supported pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only
        Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
        Supported FEC modes: Not reported
        Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
                                100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
                                1000baseT/Full
                                2500baseT/Full
        Advertised pause frame use: No
        Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
        Advertised FEC modes: Not reported
        Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
                                             100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
                                             1000baseT/Full
                                             2500baseT/Full
        Link partner advertised pause frame use: No
        Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
        Link partner advertised FEC modes: Not reported
        Speed: 2500Mb/s
        Duplex: Full
        Port: Twisted Pair
        PHYAD: 0
        Transceiver: internal
        Auto-negotiation: on
        MDI-X: Unknown
        Supports Wake-on: pumbg
        Wake-on: d
        Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)
                               drv probe ifdown ifup
        Link detected: yes

which looks good to me but the file transfer speed is still very slow for a 2.5Gb/s connection. Any alternative way to test the speed you can think of?

Edit2: Screenshot of iperf test Looks like the performance is only capped at 1Gb/s in one direction! Only when Ubuntu is the receiver I get slow speeds. If Ubuntu is the sender I get the full 2.5Gb/s. It can't be the cable at this point.

Is there a way I can install the latest NVIDIA driver https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/drivers/unix/ using the Software & Updates GUI rather than directly? In my experience manually installing the NVIDIA graphics driver comes at the cost of more instability, but the 495 proprietary NVIDIA graphics driver does not support vulkan 1.3, which I need at the moment.

Anyone who has used Multipass or AWS is familiar with the ubuntu user who has passwordless sudo access. I am launching multiple virtual machines via multipass each with many users and I want passwordless sudo for their accounts for two reasons

1. They can only login with their public/private and not a username/password so they can't type in a password for sudo if they don't have one
2. Developers need to be able to call sudo apt-get

I am aware that I can issue the command sudo visudo and make some changes to provide passwordless sudo, however, this requires human interaction. I tried hacking this with sed (sudo sed -i "s/%admin\s*ALL=(ALL)\s*ALL/%admin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL/g" /etc/sudoers) but something breaks and then I can't get into /etc/sudoers, not even with the ubuntu user.

Finally, I tried looking at the groups that ubuntu is a member of and noticed that it is a member of adm which I assume is admin, and I [blindly] added all the user accounts to that group but that did not work either.

I have two questions, which are really the same question

1. How is it that Ubuntu can call sudo without a password and where is this specified?
2. How can I extend this same privilege to other users but in an automated fashion?

After a recent KDE update in Kubuntu 19.10 I lost the ability to control volume using my laptop keyboard specific volume buttons. It turns out that for the volume control via keyboard to be restored I'd need to launch the KDE Audio Volume widget. Yet, I didn't find this widget in KDE widgets.

So how does one reload this widget by hand?

My server (18.04) crashes during startup. One of the messages that is shown and which I think may be the reason for it is:

Warning: fsck not present, so skipping root file system
[      5.502634] EXT4-fs (sda2): INFO: recovery required on readonly filesystem
[      5.503676] EXT4-fs (sda2): write access will be enabled during recovery
[      5.544074] EXT4-fs (sda2): recovery complete
[      5.548989] EXT4-fs (sda2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)

How can I fix this?

Thanks, Tom

Edit: Image added Ubuntu startup before crash

In windows I add to the routing table:

route add 159.182.151.0 MASK 255.255.255.0 159.182.152.110

How to add similar to ubuntu ?

thanks.

In Brazil, we use ª for feminine ordinal numbers, just like 1st, 2nd, 3rd... in English. So it's a very common need. I just set up the Compose Key, so I can do "Compose Key, o, o" to get the masculine ordinal ° (in fact, this is the degree sign, but they're both similar. The real masculine ordinal faces the same problem as the feminine). But, although this site says I could get the ª with "Compose Key, a, _" (or similar compositions), I'm getting ā or Ā instead of ª.

Is there an easy way to type ª in Ubuntu 16.04 (LibreOffice, gedit, etc)? Please I'm not interested in memorizing/typing complex Unicode sequences.

EDIT

After the answer from Ludenticus, I realized that I can type only

Alt Gr + [ for ª

Alt Gr + ] for º

Following a recent OS update a few days back (16.04 LTS), when I click on the icon labelled "Ubuntu Software" (which is directly below the Dash icon and looks like an orange briefcase with a white A on it), it no longer opens. It used to open fine, but since the update has stopped working. I get no error message. All I get is that circular progress thingy (does it have an official name?) for about 15 secs, then it disappears and the app doesn't open. How do I go about diagnosing what the issue is and/or reinstall the app? Thank you.

ParanoidPanda: I opened a terminal, typed gnome-software and on a new line I got a flashing white block cursor for a while, then it stopped flashing. I wasn't returned to a prompt with a $ symbol. The terminal appeared to have frozen so I clicked on the x to close it. Edit: I tried again and waited a minute or so this time, but same result, so clicked on x

I just read Meet Etcher, A Stylish Open-Source USB Image Writer Tool. It talks about downloading an AppImage.

Yes, Linux; the Linux packages are distributed as a .appimage for 32-bit and 64-bit distributions, and should run across all major Linux distributions without any issues. The team currently has no plan to provide a native .deb (or .rpm) installer.

What are AppImages? How do they differ from snaps?

I removed the HDD from a Toshiba Computer I bought today and installed a 250GB SSD. After installing it, I immediately installed Ubuntu 14.04 on it from a USB drive. Everything went fine during installation, but when I restarted I got the message

Reboot and select proper Boot device or Insert Boot Media in selected Boot Device and press a key.

That message came up after a nano-second screen that says Checking Media Presence and then No Media Present.

When I reboot using the USB stick, I can see the SSD drive and it has the OS written on it and it looks like it's been partitioned correctly.

Can someone please tell me what I need to do to get my computer to boot up?

• I read something about how the Secure boot and CSM or UEFI might be a factor, but I'm not experienced enough with new Bios to know how to configure those settings.
• I also read about Grub probably not installing on the SSD and I might just have to fix Grub for it to work, but I haven't been able to do that through the Ubuntu running of the USB stick.

Any help or links to good threads would be very helpful. If you have any questions, I would be very happy to help you in helping me.

http://paste.ubuntu.com/7407446/

Recently when I restarted my dual boot Ubuntu (windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.10), all I can see is just my desktop, no dash, no launcher or any topbars. Here is the output of usr/lib/nux/unity_support_test -p:

 libGL error: failed to load driver: swrast
 libGL error: Try again with LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose for more details.
 OpenGL vendor string:   ATI Technologies Inc.
 OpenGL renderer string: ATI Mobility Radeon HD 5000 Series 
 OpenGL version string:  1.4 (2.1 (4.2.11995 Compatibility Profile Context))

 Not software rendered:    yes
 Not blacklisted:          yes
 GLX fbconfig:             yes
 GLX texture from pixmap:  yes
 GL npot or rect textures: yes
 GL vertex program:        yes
 GL fragment program:      yes
 GL vertex buffer object:  no
 GL framebuffer object:    yes
 GL version is 1.4+:       yes

 Unity 3D supported:       no

Also, when I try to start compiz manually using terminal I get following output:

[vj]:~$ compiz
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: core
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: core
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: ccp
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: ccp
compizconfig - Info: Backend     : gsettings
compizconfig - Info: Integration : true
compizconfig - Info: Profile     : unity
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: composite
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: composite
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: opengl
libGL error: failed to load driver: swrast
libGL error: Try again with LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose for more details.
compiz (core) - Info: Unity is not supported by your hardware. Enabling software rendering instead (slow).
libGL error: failed to load driver: swrast
libGL error: Try again with LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose for more details.
compiz (core) - Info: Unity is not supported by your hardware. Enabling software rendering instead (slow).
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: opengl
libGL error: failed to load driver: swrast
libGL error: Try again with LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose for more details.
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: compiztoolbox
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: compiztoolbox
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: decor
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: decor
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: vpswitch
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: vpswitch
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: snap
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: snap
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: mousepoll
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: mousepoll
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: resize
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: resize
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: place
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: place
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: move
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: move
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: wall
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: wall
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: grid
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: grid
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: regex
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: regex
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: imgpng
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: imgpng
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: session
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: session
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: gnomecompat
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: gnomecompat
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: animation
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: animation
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: fade
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: fade
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: unitymtgrabhandles
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: unitymtgrabhandles
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: workarounds
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: workarounds
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: scale
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: scale
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: expo
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: expo
compiz (expo) - Warn: failed to bind image to texture
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: ezoom
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: ezoom
compiz (core) - Info: Loading plugin: unityshell
compiz (core) - Info: Starting plugin: unityshell
compiz (unityshell) - Error: GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object not supported

compiz (core) - Error: Plugin initScreen failed: unityshell
compiz (core) - Error: Failed to start plugin: unityshell
compiz (core) - Info: Unloading plugin: unityshell
X Error of failed request:  BadWindow (invalid Window parameter)
Major opcode of failed request:  18 (X_ChangeProperty)
Resource id in failed request:  0x2800005
Serial number of failed request:  9454
Current serial number in output stream:  9457

I'll be really grateful if someone can help me with this problem.